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  Ionic strength of the solution and activity coefficients.
In the calculations associated with the processes of water treatment, it is necessary to determine the solubility of various compounds and chemical equilibrium in the waters with different ionic composition. In these cases it is necessary to take into account the activity coefficients of ions, depending on the ionic strength.
As you know, all equations are written based on the law of mass action, are only valid if they include active (activity), rather than the true (total) concentration of ions in solution.
In practice, one of the common water treatment process techniques is to obtain soluble compounds available in the form of precipitation.
Since the acid dissociates in aqueous solution to form hydrogen ions, the more acid than this solution, the greater it’s content of hydrogen ions, the lower, therefore, the pH of the solution. Conversely, the alkaline solution, the lower the concentration of H ions, the higher the pH of the solution. The pH, as a measure of acidity is an important characteristic of the properties of water.
Many water users have certain requirements for the pH of water. The pH is an important indicator for monitoring the processes of reagent water softening, iron removal, stabilization of water treatment and many other methods of water treatment.
Compounds of carbonic acid.
Alkaline water.
Contained in natural waters are carbonic acid compounds having a significant impact on many of the processes of water treatment?
Concentration in natural waters undissociated molecules of carbon dioxide are usually N2S03 only one percent of the total amount of free carbon dioxide.
Water containing free carbon dioxide in concentrations exceeding the equilibrium is called aggressive.
Carbonic estimate of the deviation of the natural water system from equilibrium is measured by comparing the (actual) pH of the water with the calculated value of pHs. If pH <pHs, which indicates an excess of water above the equilibrium concentration of C02. Such water can be called aggressive or corrosive as it can destroy concrete and mortar of its constituent calcium carbonate, excludes the possibility of forming on the walls of steel and cast iron pipes protective carbonate film and promotes the dissolution of iron corrosion deposits. The absence of a protective film makes contact with water, metal; causing the presence in natural waters of dissolved oxygen is corrosion of the metal.
On the contrary, at pH> rN5voda differs lack of free carbon dioxide compared with the equilibrium concentration. Such water is referred to as non-aggressive or non-corrosive, it should be borne in mind that the relation of pH and pHs are determined, not all the properties of water on the corrosion of concrete and metal, but only those that are dependent on the presence of carbon dioxide in the water aggressive.
An important indicator of the quality of natural water, which must be taken into account in many of the processes of their processing, is the total alkalinity of water and its components (bicarbonate, carbonate, hydrated) and more rarely caused by salts of other weak acids (phosphate, silicate, humane).
The alkalinity of natural waters with a pH <8.4, usually dependent on the presence of the bicarbonate, and sometimes of humic compounds. Alkalinity, sodium softened water - cation exchange, as determined by the presence of bicarbonate in it, and sometimes humic compounds, if any, contained in the source water. The alkalinity of water is softened with lime or lime and soda, is due to the presence in it hydrates, carbonates and humates, and in some cases - of bicarbonates and carbonates. From the above examples show that the alkalinity of water is an important technological measure.